legendary-doc-site/apps/core/deps/decimal/lib/decimal.ex

defmodule Decimal.Macros do
  @moduledoc false

  defmacro doc_since(version) do
    if Version.match?(System.version(), ">= 1.7.0") do
      quote do
        @doc since: unquote(version)
      end
    end
  end
end

defmodule Decimal do
  @moduledoc """
  Decimal arithmetic on arbitrary precision floating-point numbers.

  A number is represented by a signed coefficient and exponent such that: `sign
  * coefficient * 10 ^ exponent`. All numbers are represented and calculated
  exactly, but the result of an operation may be rounded depending on the
  context the operation is performed with, see: `Decimal.Context`. Trailing
  zeros in the coefficient are never truncated to preserve the number of
  significant digits unless explicitly done so.

  There are also special values such as NaN (not a number) and ±Infinity.
  -0 and +0 are two distinct values.
  Some operation results are not defined and will return NaN.
  This kind of NaN is quiet, any operation returning a number will return
  NaN when given a quiet NaN (the NaN value will flow through all operations).
  The other kind of NaN is signalling which is the value that can be reached
  in `result` field on `Decimal.Error` when the result is NaN. Any operation
  given a signalling NaN return will signal `:invalid_operation`.

  Exceptional conditions are grouped into signals, each signal has a flag and a
  trap enabler in the context. Whenever a signal is triggered it's flag is set
  in the context and will be set until explicitly cleared. If the signal is trap
  enabled `Decimal.Error` will be raised.

  ## Specifications

    * [IBM's General Decimal Arithmetic Specification](http://speleotrove.com/decimal/decarith.html)
    * [IEEE standard 854-1987](http://754r.ucbtest.org/standards/854.pdf)

  This implementation follows the above standards as closely as possible. But at
  some places the implementation diverges from the specification. The reasons
  are different for each case but may be that the specification doesn't map to
  this environment, ease of implementation or that API will be nicer. Still, the
  implementation is close enough that the specifications can be seen as
  additional documentation that can be used when things are unclear.

  The specification models the sign of the number as 1, for a negative number,
  and 0 for a positive number. Internally this implementation models the sign as
  1 or -1 such that the complete number will be `sign * coefficient *
  10 ^ exponent` and will refer to the sign in documentation as either *positive*
  or *negative*.

  There is currently no maximum or minimum values for the exponent. Because of
  that all numbers are "normal". This means that when an operation should,
  according to the specification, return a number that "underflow" 0 is returned
  instead of Etiny. This may happen when dividing a number with infinity.
  Additionally, overflow, underflow and clamped may never be signalled.
  """

  import Bitwise
  import Kernel, except: [abs: 1, div: 2, max: 2, min: 2, rem: 2, round: 1]
  import Decimal.Macros

  @power_of_2_to_52 4_503_599_627_370_496

  @typedoc """
  The coefficient of the power of `10`. Non-negative because the sign is stored separately in `sign`.

    * `non_neg_integer` - when the `t` represents a number, instead of one of the special values below.
    * `:qNaN` - a quiet NaN was produced by a previous operation. Quiet NaNs propagate quietly, unlike signaling NaNs
       that return errors (based on the `Decimal.Context`).
    * `:sNaN` - signalling NaN that indicated an error occurred that should stop the next operation with an error
       (based on the `Decimal.Context`).
    * `:inf` - Infinity.

  """
  @type coefficient :: non_neg_integer | :qNaN | :sNaN | :inf

  @typedoc """
  The exponent to which `10` is raised.
  """
  @type exponent :: integer

  @typedoc """

    * `1` for positive
    * `-1` for negative

  """
  @type sign :: 1 | -1

  @type signal ::
          :invalid_operation
          | :division_by_zero
          | :rounded
          | :inexact

  @typedoc """
  Rounding algorithm.

  See `Decimal.Context` for more information.
  """
  @type rounding ::
          :down
          | :half_up
          | :half_even
          | :ceiling
          | :floor
          | :half_down
          | :up

  @typedoc """
  This implementation models the `sign` as `1` or `-1` such that the complete number will be: `sign * coef * 10 ^ exp`.

    * `coef` - the coefficient of the power of `10`.
    * `exp` - the exponent of the power of `10`.
    * `sign` - `1` for positive, `-1` for negative.

  """
  @type t :: %__MODULE__{
          sign: sign,
          coef: coefficient,
          exp: exponent
        }

  @type decimal :: t | integer | String.t()

  defstruct sign: 1, coef: 0, exp: 0

  @context_key :"$decimal_context"

  defmodule Error do
    @moduledoc """
    The exception that all decimal operations may raise.

    ## Fields

      * `signal` - the signalled error, additional signalled errors will be found
        in the context.
      * `reason` - the reason for the error.
      * `result` - the result of the operation signalling the error.

    Rescuing the error to access the result or the other fields of the error is
    discouraged and should only be done for exceptional conditions. It is more
    pragmatic to set the appropriate traps on the context and check the flags
    after the operation if the result needs to be inspected.
    """

    defexception [:message, :signal, :reason, :result]

    def exception(opts) do
      reason = if opts[:reason], do: ": " <> opts[:reason]
      message = "#{opts[:signal]}#{reason}"

      struct(__MODULE__, [message: message] ++ opts)
    end
  end

  defmodule Context do
    @moduledoc """
    The context is kept in the process dictionary. It can be accessed with
    `Decimal.get_context/0` and `Decimal.set_context/1`.

    The default context has a precision of 28, the rounding algorithm is
    `:half_up`. The set trap enablers are `:invalid_operation` and
    `:division_by_zero`.

    ## Fields

      * `precision` - maximum number of decimal digits in the coefficient. If an
        operation result has more digits it will be rounded to `precision`
        digits with the rounding algorithm in `rounding`.
      * `rounding` - the rounding algorithm used when the coefficient's number of
        exceeds `precision`. Strategies explained below.
      * `flags` - a list of signals that for which the flag is sent. When an
        exceptional condition is signalled its flag is set. The flags are sticky
        and will be set until explicitly cleared.
      * `traps` - a list of set trap enablers for signals. When a signal's trap
        enabler is set the condition causes `Decimal.Error` to be raised.

    ## Rounding algorithms

      * `:down` - round toward zero (truncate). Discarded digits are ignored,
        result is unchanged.
      * `:half_up` - if the discarded digits is greater than or equal to half of
        the value of a one in the next left position then the coefficient will be
        incremented by one (rounded up). Otherwise (the discarded digits are less
        than half) the discarded digits will be ignored.
      * `:half_even` - also known as "round to nearest" or "banker's rounding". If
        the discarded digits is greater than half of the value of a one in the
        next left position then the coefficient will be incremented by one
        (rounded up). If they represent less than half discarded digits will be
        ignored. Otherwise (exactly half), the coefficient is not altered if it's
        even, or incremented by one (rounded up) if it's odd (to make an even
        number).
      * `:ceiling` - round toward +Infinity. If all of the discarded digits are
        zero or the sign is negative the result is unchanged. Otherwise, the
        coefficient will be incremented by one (rounded up).
      * `:floor` - round toward -Infinity. If all of the discarded digits are zero
        or the sign is positive the result is unchanged. Otherwise, the sign is
        negative and coefficient will be incremented by one.
      * `:half_down` - if the discarded digits is greater than half of the value
        of a one in the next left position then the coefficient will be
        incremented by one (rounded up). Otherwise (the discarded digits are half
        or less) the discarded digits are ignored.
      * `:up` - round away from zero. If all discarded digits are zero the
        coefficient is not changed, otherwise it is incremented by one (rounded
        up).

    This table shows the results of rounding operations for all the rounding
    algorithms:

    Rounding algorithm | 5.5 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.0 | -1.0 | -1.1 | -1.6 | -2.5 | -5.5
    :----------------- | :-- | :-- | :-- | :-- | :-- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :---
    `:up`              |   6 |   3 |   2 |   2 |   1 |   -1 |   -2 |   -2 |   -3 |   -6
    `:down`            |   5 |   2 |   1 |   1 |   1 |   -1 |   -1 |   -1 |   -2 |   -5
    `:ceiling`         |   6 |   3 |   2 |   2 |   1 |   -1 |   -1 |   -1 |   -2 |   -5
    `:floor`           |   5 |   2 |   1 |   1 |   1 |   -1 |   -2 |   -2 |   -3 |   -6
    `:half_up`         |   6 |   3 |   2 |   1 |   1 |   -1 |   -1 |   -2 |   -3 |   -6
    `:half_down`       |   5 |   2 |   2 |   1 |   1 |   -1 |   -1 |   -2 |   -2 |   -5
    `:half_even`       |   6 |   2 |   2 |   1 |   1 |   -1 |   -1 |   -2 |   -2 |   -6

    """
    @type t :: %__MODULE__{
            precision: pos_integer,
            rounding: Decimal.rounding(),
            flags: [Decimal.signal()],
            traps: [Decimal.signal()]
          }

    defstruct precision: 28,
              rounding: :half_up,
              flags: [],
              traps: [:invalid_operation, :division_by_zero]
  end

  defmacrop error(flags, reason, result, context \\ nil) do
    quote bind_quoted: binding() do
      case handle_error(flags, reason, result, context) do
        {:ok, result} -> result
        {:error, error} -> raise Error, error
      end
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Returns `true` if number is NaN, otherwise `false`.
  """
  @spec nan?(t) :: boolean
  def nan?(%Decimal{coef: :sNaN}), do: true
  def nan?(%Decimal{coef: :qNaN}), do: true
  def nan?(%Decimal{}), do: false

  @doc """
  Returns `true` if number is ±Infinity, otherwise `false`.
  """
  @spec inf?(t) :: boolean
  def inf?(%Decimal{coef: :inf}), do: true
  def inf?(%Decimal{}), do: false

  @doc """
  Returns `true` if argument is a decimal number, otherwise `false`.
  """
  @spec decimal?(any) :: boolean
  def decimal?(%Decimal{}), do: true
  def decimal?(_), do: false

  @doc """
  The absolute value of given number. Sets the number's sign to positive.
  """
  @spec abs(t) :: t
  def abs(%Decimal{coef: :sNaN} = num), do: error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num)
  def abs(%Decimal{coef: :qNaN} = num), do: %{num | sign: 1}
  def abs(%Decimal{} = num), do: context(%{num | sign: 1})

  @doc """
  Adds two numbers together.

  ## Exceptional conditions

    * If one number is -Infinity and the other +Infinity `:invalid_operation` will
      be signalled.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.add(1, "1.1")
      #Decimal<2.1>

      iex> Decimal.add(1, "Inf")
      #Decimal<Infinity>

  """
  @spec add(decimal, decimal) :: t
  def add(%Decimal{coef: :sNaN} = num1, %Decimal{}),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num1)

  def add(%Decimal{}, %Decimal{coef: :sNaN} = num2),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num2)

  def add(%Decimal{coef: :qNaN} = num1, %Decimal{}), do: num1

  def add(%Decimal{}, %Decimal{coef: :qNaN} = num2), do: num2

  def add(%Decimal{coef: :inf, sign: sign} = num1, %Decimal{coef: :inf, sign: sign} = num2) do
    if num1.exp > num2.exp do
      num1
    else
      num2
    end
  end

  def add(%Decimal{coef: :inf}, %Decimal{coef: :inf}),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "adding +Infinity and -Infinity", %Decimal{coef: :NaN})

  def add(%Decimal{coef: :inf} = num1, %Decimal{}), do: num1

  def add(%Decimal{}, %Decimal{coef: :inf} = num2), do: num2

  def add(%Decimal{} = num1, %Decimal{} = num2) do
    %Decimal{sign: sign1, coef: coef1, exp: exp1} = num1
    %Decimal{sign: sign2, coef: coef2, exp: exp2} = num2

    {coef1, coef2} = add_align(coef1, exp1, coef2, exp2)
    coef = sign1 * coef1 + sign2 * coef2
    exp = Kernel.min(exp1, exp2)
    sign = add_sign(sign1, sign2, coef)
    context(%Decimal{sign: sign, coef: Kernel.abs(coef), exp: exp})
  end

  def add(num1, num2), do: add(decimal(num1), decimal(num2))

  @doc """
  Subtracts second number from the first. Equivalent to `Decimal.add/2` when the
  second number's sign is negated.

  ## Exceptional conditions

    * If one number is -Infinity and the other +Infinity `:invalid_operation` will
      be signalled.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.sub(1, "0.1")
      #Decimal<0.9>

      iex> Decimal.sub(1, "Inf")
      #Decimal<-Infinity>

  """
  @spec sub(decimal, decimal) :: t
  def sub(%Decimal{} = num1, %Decimal{sign: sign} = num2) do
    add(num1, %{num2 | sign: -sign})
  end

  def sub(num1, num2) do
    sub(decimal(num1), decimal(num2))
  end

  @doc """
  Compares two numbers numerically. If the first number is greater than the second
  `#Decimal<1>` is returned, if less than `#Decimal<-1>` is returned. Otherwise,
  if both numbers are equal `#Decimal<0>` is returned. If either number is a quiet
  NaN, then that number is returned.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.compare("1.0", 1)
      #Decimal<0>

      iex> Decimal.compare("Inf", -1)
      #Decimal<1>

  """
  @spec compare(decimal, decimal) :: t
  def compare(%Decimal{coef: :qNaN} = num1, _num2), do: num1

  def compare(_num1, %Decimal{coef: :qNaN} = num2), do: num2

  def compare(%Decimal{coef: :inf, sign: sign}, %Decimal{coef: :inf, sign: sign}),
    do: %Decimal{sign: 1, coef: 0}

  def compare(%Decimal{coef: :inf, sign: sign1}, %Decimal{coef: :inf, sign: sign2})
      when sign1 < sign2,
      do: %Decimal{sign: -1, coef: 1}

  def compare(%Decimal{coef: :inf, sign: sign1}, %Decimal{coef: :inf, sign: sign2})
      when sign1 > sign2,
      do: %Decimal{sign: 1, coef: 1}

  def compare(%Decimal{coef: :inf, sign: sign}, _num2), do: %Decimal{sign: sign, coef: 1}

  def compare(_num1, %Decimal{coef: :inf, sign: sign}), do: %Decimal{sign: sign * -1, coef: 1}

  def compare(%Decimal{} = num1, %Decimal{} = num2) do
    case sub(num1, num2) do
      %Decimal{coef: 0} -> %Decimal{sign: 1, coef: 0}
      %Decimal{sign: sign} -> %Decimal{sign: sign, coef: 1}
    end
  end

  def compare(num1, num2) do
    compare(decimal(num1), decimal(num2))
  end

  @doc """
  Compares two numbers numerically. If the first number is greater than the second
  `:gt` is returned, if less than `:lt` is returned, if both numbers are equal
  `:eq` is returned.

  Neither number can be a NaN. If you need to handle quiet NaNs, use `compare/2`.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.cmp("1.0", 1)
      :eq

      iex> Decimal.cmp("Inf", -1)
      :gt

  """
  @spec cmp(decimal, decimal) :: :lt | :eq | :gt
  def cmp(num1, num2) do
    case compare(num1, num2) do
      %Decimal{coef: 1, sign: -1} -> :lt
      %Decimal{coef: 0} -> :eq
      %Decimal{coef: 1, sign: 1} -> :gt
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Compares two numbers numerically and returns `true` if they are equal,
  otherwise `false`.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.equal?("1.0", 1)
      true

      iex> Decimal.equal?(1, -1)
      false

  """
  @spec equal?(decimal, decimal) :: boolean
  def equal?(num1, num2) do
    case compare(num1, num2) do
      %Decimal{sign: 1, coef: 0, exp: 0} -> true
      _ -> false
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Compares two numbers numerically and returns `true` if they are equal,
  otherwise `false`. If one of the operands is a quiet NaN this operation
  will always return `false`.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.eq?("1.0", 1)
      true

      iex> Decimal.eq?(1, -1)
      false

  """
  doc_since("1.8.0")
  @spec eq?(decimal, decimal) :: boolean
  def eq?(%Decimal{coef: :qNaN}, _num2), do: false
  def eq?(_num1, %Decimal{coef: :qNaN}), do: false
  def eq?(num1, num2), do: cmp(num1, num2) == :eq

  @doc """
  Compares two numbers numerically and returns `true` if the the first argument
  is greater than the second, otherwise `false`. If one the operands is a
  quiet NaN this operation will always return `false`.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.gt?("1.3", "1.2")
      true

      iex> Decimal.gt?("1.2", "1.3")
      false

  """
  doc_since("1.8.0")
  @spec gt?(decimal, decimal) :: boolean
  def gt?(%Decimal{coef: :qNaN}, _num2), do: false
  def gt?(_num1, %Decimal{coef: :qNaN}), do: false
  def gt?(num1, num2), do: cmp(num1, num2) == :gt

  @doc """
  Compares two numbers numerically and returns `true` if the the first number is
  less than the second number, otherwise `false`. If one of the operands is a
  quiet NaN this operation will always return `false`.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.lt?("1.1", "1.2")
      true

      iex> Decimal.lt?("1.4", "1.2")
      false

  """
  doc_since("1.8.0")
  @spec lt?(decimal, decimal) :: boolean
  def lt?(%Decimal{coef: :qNaN}, _num2), do: false
  def lt?(_num1, %Decimal{coef: :qNaN}), do: false
  def lt?(num1, num2), do: cmp(num1, num2) == :lt

  @doc """
  Divides two numbers.

  ## Exceptional conditions

    * If both numbers are ±Infinity `:invalid_operation` is signalled.
    * If both numbers are ±0 `:invalid_operation` is signalled.
    * If second number (denominator) is ±0 `:division_by_zero` is signalled.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.div(3, 4)
      #Decimal<0.75>

      iex> Decimal.div("Inf", -1)
      #Decimal<-Infinity>

  """
  @spec div(decimal, decimal) :: t
  def div(%Decimal{coef: :sNaN} = num1, %Decimal{}),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num1)

  def div(%Decimal{}, %Decimal{coef: :sNaN} = num2),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num2)

  def div(%Decimal{coef: :qNaN} = num1, %Decimal{}), do: num1

  def div(%Decimal{}, %Decimal{coef: :qNaN} = num2), do: num2

  def div(%Decimal{coef: :inf}, %Decimal{coef: :inf}),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "±Infinity / ±Infinity", %Decimal{coef: :NaN})

  def div(%Decimal{sign: sign1, coef: :inf} = num1, %Decimal{sign: sign2}) do
    sign = if sign1 == sign2, do: 1, else: -1
    %{num1 | sign: sign}
  end

  def div(%Decimal{sign: sign1, exp: exp1}, %Decimal{sign: sign2, coef: :inf, exp: exp2}) do
    sign = if sign1 == sign2, do: 1, else: -1
    # TODO: Subnormal
    # exponent?
    %Decimal{sign: sign, coef: 0, exp: exp1 - exp2}
  end

  def div(%Decimal{coef: 0}, %Decimal{coef: 0}),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "0 / 0", %Decimal{coef: :NaN})

  def div(%Decimal{sign: sign1}, %Decimal{sign: sign2, coef: 0}) do
    sign = if sign1 == sign2, do: 1, else: -1
    error(:division_by_zero, nil, %Decimal{sign: sign, coef: :inf})
  end

  def div(%Decimal{} = num1, %Decimal{} = num2) do
    %Decimal{sign: sign1, coef: coef1, exp: exp1} = num1
    %Decimal{sign: sign2, coef: coef2, exp: exp2} = num2
    sign = if sign1 == sign2, do: 1, else: -1

    if coef1 == 0 do
      context(%Decimal{sign: sign, coef: 0, exp: exp1 - exp2}, [])
    else
      prec10 = pow10(get_context().precision)
      {coef1, coef2, adjust} = div_adjust(coef1, coef2, 0)
      {coef, adjust, _rem, signals} = div_calc(coef1, coef2, 0, adjust, prec10)

      context(%Decimal{sign: sign, coef: coef, exp: exp1 - exp2 - adjust}, signals)
    end
  end

  def div(num1, num2) do
    div(decimal(num1), decimal(num2))
  end

  @doc """
  Divides two numbers and returns the integer part.

  ## Exceptional conditions

    * If both numbers are ±Infinity `:invalid_operation` is signalled.
    * If both numbers are ±0 `:invalid_operation` is signalled.
    * If second number (denominator) is ±0 `:division_by_zero` is signalled.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.div_int(5, 2)
      #Decimal<2>

      iex> Decimal.div_int("Inf", -1)
      #Decimal<-Infinity>

  """
  @spec div_int(decimal, decimal) :: t
  def div_int(%Decimal{coef: :sNaN} = num1, %Decimal{}),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num1)

  def div_int(%Decimal{}, %Decimal{coef: :sNaN} = num2),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num2)

  def div_int(%Decimal{coef: :qNaN} = num1, %Decimal{}), do: num1

  def div_int(%Decimal{}, %Decimal{coef: :qNaN} = num2), do: num2

  def div_int(%Decimal{coef: :inf}, %Decimal{coef: :inf}),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "±Infinity / ±Infinity", %Decimal{coef: :NaN})

  def div_int(%Decimal{sign: sign1, coef: :inf} = num1, %Decimal{sign: sign2}) do
    sign = if sign1 == sign2, do: 1, else: -1
    %{num1 | sign: sign}
  end

  def div_int(%Decimal{sign: sign1, exp: exp1}, %Decimal{sign: sign2, coef: :inf, exp: exp2}) do
    sign = if sign1 == sign2, do: 1, else: -1
    # TODO: Subnormal
    # exponent?
    %Decimal{sign: sign, coef: 0, exp: exp1 - exp2}
  end

  def div_int(%Decimal{coef: 0}, %Decimal{coef: 0}),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "0 / 0", %Decimal{coef: :NaN})

  def div_int(%Decimal{sign: sign1}, %Decimal{sign: sign2, coef: 0}) do
    div_sign = if sign1 == sign2, do: 1, else: -1
    error(:division_by_zero, nil, %Decimal{sign: div_sign, coef: :inf})
  end

  def div_int(%Decimal{} = num1, %Decimal{} = num2) do
    %Decimal{sign: sign1, coef: coef1, exp: exp1} = num1
    %Decimal{sign: sign2, coef: coef2, exp: exp2} = num2
    div_sign = if sign1 == sign2, do: 1, else: -1

    cond do
      compare(%{num1 | sign: 1}, %{num2 | sign: 1}) == %Decimal{sign: -1, coef: 1} ->
        %Decimal{sign: div_sign, coef: 0, exp: exp1 - exp2}

      coef1 == 0 ->
        context(%{num1 | sign: div_sign})

      true ->
        case integer_division(div_sign, coef1, exp1, coef2, exp2) do
          {:ok, result} ->
            result

          {:error, error, reason, num} ->
            error(error, reason, num)
        end
    end
  end

  def div_int(num1, num2) do
    div_int(decimal(num1), decimal(num2))
  end

  @doc """
  Remainder of integer division of two numbers. The result will have the sign of
  the first number.

  ## Exceptional conditions

    * If both numbers are ±Infinity `:invalid_operation` is signalled.
    * If both numbers are ±0 `:invalid_operation` is signalled.
    * If second number (denominator) is ±0 `:division_by_zero` is signalled.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.rem(5, 2)
      #Decimal<1>

  """
  @spec rem(decimal, decimal) :: t
  def rem(%Decimal{coef: :sNaN} = num1, %Decimal{}),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num1)

  def rem(%Decimal{}, %Decimal{coef: :sNaN} = num2),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num2)

  def rem(%Decimal{coef: :qNaN} = num1, %Decimal{}), do: num1

  def rem(%Decimal{}, %Decimal{coef: :qNaN} = num2), do: num2

  def rem(%Decimal{coef: :inf}, %Decimal{coef: :inf}),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "±Infinity / ±Infinity", %Decimal{coef: :NaN})

  def rem(%Decimal{sign: sign1, coef: :inf}, %Decimal{}), do: %Decimal{sign: sign1, coef: 0}

  def rem(%Decimal{sign: sign1}, %Decimal{coef: :inf} = num2) do
    # TODO: Subnormal
    # exponent?
    %{num2 | sign: sign1}
  end

  def rem(%Decimal{coef: 0}, %Decimal{coef: 0}),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "0 / 0", %Decimal{coef: :NaN})

  def rem(%Decimal{sign: sign1}, %Decimal{coef: 0}),
    do: error(:division_by_zero, nil, %Decimal{sign: sign1, coef: 0})

  def rem(%Decimal{} = num1, %Decimal{} = num2) do
    %Decimal{sign: sign1, coef: coef1, exp: exp1} = num1
    %Decimal{sign: sign2, coef: coef2, exp: exp2} = num2

    cond do
      compare(%{num1 | sign: 1}, %{num2 | sign: 1}) == %Decimal{sign: -1, coef: 1} ->
        %{num1 | sign: sign1}

      coef1 == 0 ->
        context(%{num2 | sign: sign1})

      true ->
        div_sign = if sign1 == sign2, do: 1, else: -1

        case integer_division(div_sign, coef1, exp1, coef2, exp2) do
          {:ok, result} ->
            sub(num1, mult(num2, result))

          {:error, error, reason, num} ->
            error(error, reason, num)
        end
    end
  end

  def rem(num1, num2) do
    rem(decimal(num1), decimal(num2))
  end

  @doc """
  Integer division of two numbers and the remainder. Should be used when both
  `div_int/2` and `rem/2` is needed. Equivalent to: `{Decimal.div_int(x, y),
  Decimal.rem(x, y)}`.

  ## Exceptional conditions

    * If both numbers are ±Infinity `:invalid_operation` is signalled.
    * If both numbers are ±0 `:invalid_operation` is signalled.
    * If second number (denominator) is ±0 `:division_by_zero` is signalled.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.div_rem(5, 2)
      {Decimal.new(2), Decimal.new(1)}

  """
  @spec div_rem(decimal, decimal) :: {t, t}
  def div_rem(%Decimal{coef: :sNaN} = num1, %Decimal{}) do
    {
      error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num1),
      error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num1)
    }
  end

  def div_rem(%Decimal{}, %Decimal{coef: :sNaN} = num2) do
    {
      error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num2),
      error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num2)
    }
  end

  def div_rem(%Decimal{coef: :qNaN} = num1, %Decimal{}), do: {num1, num1}

  def div_rem(%Decimal{}, %Decimal{coef: :qNaN} = num2), do: {num2, num2}

  def div_rem(%Decimal{coef: :inf}, %Decimal{coef: :inf}) do
    numbers = {%Decimal{coef: :NaN}, %Decimal{coef: :NaN}}
    error(:invalid_operation, "±Infinity / ±Infinity", numbers)
  end

  def div_rem(%Decimal{sign: sign1, coef: :inf} = num1, %Decimal{sign: sign2}) do
    sign = if sign1 == sign2, do: 1, else: -1
    {%{num1 | sign: sign}, %Decimal{sign: sign1, coef: 0}}
  end

  def div_rem(%Decimal{} = num1, %Decimal{coef: :inf} = num2) do
    %Decimal{sign: sign1, exp: exp1} = num1
    %Decimal{sign: sign2, exp: exp2} = num2

    sign = if sign1 == sign2, do: 1, else: -1
    # TODO: Subnormal
    # exponent?
    {%Decimal{sign: sign, coef: 0, exp: exp1 - exp2}, %{num2 | sign: sign1}}
  end

  def div_rem(%Decimal{coef: 0}, %Decimal{coef: 0}) do
    error = error(:invalid_operation, "0 / 0", %Decimal{coef: :NaN})
    {error, error}
  end

  def div_rem(%Decimal{sign: sign1}, %Decimal{sign: sign2, coef: 0}) do
    div_sign = if sign1 == sign2, do: 1, else: -1
    div_error = error(:division_by_zero, nil, %Decimal{sign: div_sign, coef: :inf})
    rem_error = error(:division_by_zero, nil, %Decimal{sign: sign1, coef: 0})
    {div_error, rem_error}
  end

  def div_rem(%Decimal{} = num1, %Decimal{} = num2) do
    %Decimal{sign: sign1, coef: coef1, exp: exp1} = num1
    %Decimal{sign: sign2, coef: coef2, exp: exp2} = num2
    div_sign = if sign1 == sign2, do: 1, else: -1

    cond do
      compare(%{num1 | sign: 1}, %{num2 | sign: 1}) == %Decimal{sign: -1, coef: 1} ->
        {%Decimal{sign: div_sign, coef: 0, exp: exp1 - exp2}, %{num1 | sign: sign1}}

      coef1 == 0 ->
        {context(%{num1 | sign: div_sign}), context(%{num2 | sign: sign1})}

      true ->
        case integer_division(div_sign, coef1, exp1, coef2, exp2) do
          {:ok, result} ->
            {result, sub(num1, mult(num2, result))}

          {:error, error, reason, num} ->
            error(error, reason, {num, num})
        end
    end
  end

  def div_rem(num1, num2) do
    div_rem(decimal(num1), decimal(num2))
  end

  @doc """
  Compares two values numerically and returns the maximum. Unlike most other
  functions in `Decimal` if a number is NaN the result will be the other number.
  Only if both numbers are NaN will NaN be returned.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.max(1, "2.0")
      #Decimal<2.0>

      iex> Decimal.max(1, "NaN")
      #Decimal<1>

      iex> Decimal.max("NaN", "NaN")
      #Decimal<NaN>

  """
  @spec max(decimal, decimal) :: t
  def max(%Decimal{coef: :qNaN}, %Decimal{} = num2), do: num2

  def max(%Decimal{} = num1, %Decimal{coef: :qNaN}), do: num1

  def max(%Decimal{sign: sign1, exp: exp1} = num1, %Decimal{sign: sign2, exp: exp2} = num2) do
    case compare(num1, num2) do
      %Decimal{sign: -1, coef: 1} ->
        num2

      %Decimal{sign: 1, coef: 1} ->
        num1

      %Decimal{coef: 0} ->
        cond do
          sign1 != sign2 ->
            if sign1 == 1, do: num1, else: num2

          sign1 == 1 ->
            if exp1 > exp2, do: num1, else: num2

          sign1 == -1 ->
            if exp1 < exp2, do: num1, else: num2
        end
    end
    |> context()
  end

  def max(num1, num2) do
    max(decimal(num1), decimal(num2))
  end

  @doc """
  Compares two values numerically and returns the minimum. Unlike most other
  functions in `Decimal` if a number is NaN the result will be the other number.
  Only if both numbers are NaN will NaN be returned.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.min(1, "2.0")
      #Decimal<1>

      iex> Decimal.min(1, "NaN")
      #Decimal<1>

      iex> Decimal.min("NaN", "NaN")
      #Decimal<NaN>

  """
  @spec min(decimal, decimal) :: t
  def min(%Decimal{coef: :qNaN}, %Decimal{} = num2), do: num2

  def min(%Decimal{} = num1, %Decimal{coef: :qNaN}), do: num1

  def min(%Decimal{sign: sign1, exp: exp1} = num1, %Decimal{sign: sign2, exp: exp2} = num2) do
    case compare(num1, num2) do
      %Decimal{sign: -1, coef: 1} ->
        num1

      %Decimal{sign: 1, coef: 1} ->
        num2

      %Decimal{coef: 0} ->
        cond do
          sign1 != sign2 ->
            if sign1 == -1, do: num1, else: num2

          sign1 == 1 ->
            if exp1 < exp2, do: num1, else: num2

          sign1 == -1 ->
            if exp1 > exp2, do: num1, else: num2
        end
    end
    |> context()
  end

  def min(num1, num2) do
    min(decimal(num1), decimal(num2))
  end

  @doc """
  Negates the given number.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.minus(1)
      #Decimal<-1>

      iex> Decimal.minus("-Inf")
      #Decimal<Infinity>

  """
  @spec minus(decimal) :: t
  def minus(%Decimal{coef: :sNaN} = num), do: error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num)
  def minus(%Decimal{coef: :qNaN} = num), do: num
  def minus(%Decimal{sign: sign} = num), do: context(%{num | sign: -sign})
  def minus(num), do: minus(decimal(num))

  @doc """
  Applies the context to the given number rounding it to specified precision.
  """
  @spec plus(t) :: t
  def plus(%Decimal{coef: :sNaN} = num), do: error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num)
  def plus(%Decimal{} = num), do: context(num)

  @doc """
  Check if given number is positive
  """
  doc_since("1.5.0")
  @spec positive?(t) :: boolean
  def positive?(%Decimal{coef: :sNaN} = num),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num)

  def positive?(%Decimal{coef: :qNaN}), do: false
  def positive?(%Decimal{coef: 0}), do: false
  def positive?(%Decimal{sign: -1}), do: false
  def positive?(%Decimal{sign: 1}), do: true

  @doc """
  Check if given number is negative
  """
  doc_since("1.5.0")
  @spec negative?(t) :: boolean
  def negative?(%Decimal{coef: :sNaN} = num),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num)

  def negative?(%Decimal{coef: :qNaN}), do: false
  def negative?(%Decimal{coef: 0}), do: false
  def negative?(%Decimal{sign: 1}), do: false
  def negative?(%Decimal{sign: -1}), do: true

  @doc """
  Multiplies two numbers.

  ## Exceptional conditions

    * If one number is ±0 and the other is ±Infinity `:invalid_operation` is
      signalled.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.mult("0.5", 3)
      #Decimal<1.5>

      iex> Decimal.mult("Inf", -1)
      #Decimal<-Infinity>

  """
  @spec mult(decimal, decimal) :: t
  def mult(%Decimal{coef: :sNaN} = num1, %Decimal{}),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num1)

  def mult(%Decimal{}, %Decimal{coef: :sNaN} = num2),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num2)

  def mult(%Decimal{coef: :qNaN} = num1, %Decimal{}), do: num1

  def mult(%Decimal{}, %Decimal{coef: :qNaN} = num2), do: num2

  def mult(%Decimal{coef: 0}, %Decimal{coef: :inf}),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "0 * ±Infinity", %Decimal{coef: :NaN})

  def mult(%Decimal{coef: :inf}, %Decimal{coef: 0}),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "0 * ±Infinity", %Decimal{coef: :NaN})

  def mult(%Decimal{sign: sign1, coef: :inf, exp: exp1}, %Decimal{sign: sign2, exp: exp2}) do
    sign = if sign1 == sign2, do: 1, else: -1
    # exponent?
    %Decimal{sign: sign, coef: :inf, exp: exp1 + exp2}
  end

  def mult(%Decimal{sign: sign1, exp: exp1}, %Decimal{sign: sign2, coef: :inf, exp: exp2}) do
    sign = if sign1 == sign2, do: 1, else: -1
    # exponent?
    %Decimal{sign: sign, coef: :inf, exp: exp1 + exp2}
  end

  def mult(%Decimal{} = num1, %Decimal{} = num2) do
    %Decimal{sign: sign1, coef: coef1, exp: exp1} = num1
    %Decimal{sign: sign2, coef: coef2, exp: exp2} = num2
    sign = if sign1 == sign2, do: 1, else: -1
    %Decimal{sign: sign, coef: coef1 * coef2, exp: exp1 + exp2} |> context()
  end

  def mult(num1, num2) do
    mult(decimal(num1), decimal(num2))
  end

  @doc """
  Reduces the given number. Removes trailing zeros from coefficient while
  keeping the number numerically equivalent by increasing the exponent.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.reduce(Decimal.new("1.00"))
      #Decimal<1>

      iex> Decimal.reduce(Decimal.new("1.01"))
      #Decimal<1.01>

  """
  @spec reduce(t) :: t
  def reduce(%Decimal{coef: :sNaN} = num), do: error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num)

  def reduce(%Decimal{coef: :qNaN} = num), do: num

  def reduce(%Decimal{coef: :inf} = num) do
    # exponent?
    %{num | exp: 0}
  end

  def reduce(%Decimal{sign: sign, coef: coef, exp: exp}) do
    if coef == 0 do
      %Decimal{sign: sign, coef: 0, exp: 0}
    else
      %{do_reduce(coef, exp) | sign: sign} |> context
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Rounds the given number to specified decimal places with the given strategy
  (default is to round to nearest one). If places is negative, at least that
  many digits to the left of the decimal point will be zero.

  See `Decimal.Context` for more information about rounding algorithms.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.round("1.234")
      #Decimal<1>

      iex> Decimal.round("1.234", 1)
      #Decimal<1.2>

  """
  @spec round(decimal, integer, rounding) :: t
  def round(num, places \\ 0, mode \\ :half_up)

  def round(%Decimal{coef: :sNaN} = num, _, _),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num)

  def round(%Decimal{coef: :qNaN} = num, _, _), do: num

  def round(%Decimal{coef: :inf} = num, _, _), do: num

  def round(%Decimal{} = num, n, mode) do
    %Decimal{sign: sign, coef: coef, exp: exp} = reduce(num)
    digits = :erlang.integer_to_list(coef)
    target_exp = -n
    value = do_round(sign, digits, exp, target_exp, mode)
    context(value, [])
  end

  def round(num, n, mode) do
    round(decimal(num), n, mode)
  end

  @doc """
  Finds the square root.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.sqrt("100")
      #Decimal<10>

  """
  doc_since("1.7.0")
  @spec sqrt(decimal) :: t
  def sqrt(%Decimal{coef: :sNaN} = num),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num)

  def sqrt(%Decimal{coef: :qNaN} = num),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "operation on NaN", num)

  def sqrt(%Decimal{coef: 0, exp: exp} = num),
    do: %{num | exp: exp >>> 1}

  def sqrt(%Decimal{sign: -1} = num),
    do: error(:invalid_operation, "less than zero", num)

  def sqrt(%Decimal{sign: 1, coef: :inf} = num),
    do: num

  def sqrt(%Decimal{sign: 1, coef: coef, exp: exp}) do
    precision = get_context().precision + 1
    digits = :erlang.integer_to_list(coef)
    num_digits = length(digits)

    # Since the root is calculated from integer operations only, it must be
    # large enough to contain the desired precision. Calculate the amount of
    # `shift` required (powers of 10).
    case exp &&& 1 do
      0 ->
        # To get the desired `shift`, subtract the precision of `coef`'s square
        # root from the desired precision.
        #
        # If `coef` is 10_000, the root is 100 (3 digits of precision).
        # If `coef` is 100, the root is 10 (2 digits of precision).
        shift = precision - ((num_digits + 1) >>> 1)
        sqrt(coef, shift, exp)

      _ ->
        # If `exp` is odd, multiply `coef` by 10 and reduce shift by 1/2. `exp`
        # must be even so the root's exponent is an integer.
        shift = precision - ((num_digits >>> 1) + 1)
        sqrt(coef * 10, shift, exp)
    end
  end

  def sqrt(num) do
    sqrt(decimal(num))
  end

  defp sqrt(coef, shift, exp) do
    if shift >= 0 do
      # shift `coef` up by `shift * 2` digits
      sqrt(coef * pow10(shift <<< 1), shift, exp, true)
    else
      # shift `coef` down by `shift * 2` digits
      operand = pow10(-shift <<< 1)
      sqrt(Kernel.div(coef, operand), shift, exp, Kernel.rem(coef, operand) === 0)
    end
  end

  defp sqrt(shifted_coef, shift, exp, exact) do
    # the preferred exponent is `exp / 2` as per IEEE 754
    exp = exp >>> 1
    # guess a root 10x higher than desired precision
    guess = pow10(get_context().precision + 1)
    root = sqrt_loop(shifted_coef, guess)

    if exact and root * root === shifted_coef do
      # if the root is exact, use preferred `exp` and shift `coef` to match
      coef =
        if shift >= 0,
          do: Kernel.div(root, pow10(shift)),
          else: root * pow10(-shift)

      context(%Decimal{sign: 1, coef: coef, exp: exp})
    else
      # otherwise the calculated root is inexact (but still meets precision),
      # so use the root as `coef` and get the final exponent by shifting `exp`
      context(%Decimal{sign: 1, coef: root, exp: exp - shift})
    end
  end

  # Babylonion method
  defp sqrt_loop(coef, guess) do
    quotient = Kernel.div(coef, guess)

    if guess <= quotient do
      guess
    else
      sqrt_loop(coef, (guess + quotient) >>> 1)
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Creates a new decimal number from an integer or a string representation.

  A decimal number will always be created exactly as specified with all digits
  kept - it will not be rounded with the context.

  ## Backus–Naur form

      sign           ::=  "+" | "-"
      digit          ::=  "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9"
      indicator      ::=  "e" | "E"
      digits         ::=  digit [digit]...
      decimal-part   ::=  digits "." [digits] | ["."] digits
      exponent-part  ::=  indicator [sign] digits
      infinity       ::=  "Infinity" | "Inf"
      nan            ::=  "NaN" [digits] | "sNaN" [digits]
      numeric-value  ::=  decimal-part [exponent-part] | infinity
      numeric-string ::=  [sign] numeric-value | [sign] nan

  ## Floats

  See also `from_float/1`.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.new(1)
      #Decimal<1>

      iex> Decimal.new("3.14")
      #Decimal<3.14>
  """
  @spec new(decimal) :: t
  def new(%Decimal{} = num), do: num

  def new(int) when is_integer(int),
    do: %Decimal{sign: if(int < 0, do: -1, else: 1), coef: Kernel.abs(int)}

  def new(float) when is_float(float) do
    IO.warn(
      "passing float to Decimal.new/1 is deprecated as floats have inherent inaccuracy. Use Decimal.from_float/1 or Decimal.cast/1 instead"
    )

    from_float(float)
  end

  def new(binary) when is_binary(binary) do
    case do_parse(binary) do
      {:ok, decimal} -> decimal
      {:error, error} -> raise Error, error
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Creates a new decimal number from the sign, coefficient and exponent such that
  the number will be: `sign * coefficient * 10 ^ exponent`.

  A decimal number will always be created exactly as specified with all digits
  kept - it will not be rounded with the context.
  """
  @spec new(1 | -1, non_neg_integer | :qNaN | :sNaN | :inf, integer) :: t
  def new(sign, coef, exp)
      when sign in [1, -1] and
             ((is_integer(coef) and coef >= 0) or coef in [:qNaN, :sNan, :inf]) and
             is_integer(exp),
      do: %Decimal{sign: sign, coef: coef, exp: exp}

  @doc """
  Creates a new decimal number from a floating point number.

  Floating point numbers use a fixed number of binary digits to represent
  a decimal number which has inherent inaccuracy as some decimal numbers cannot
  be represented exactly in limited precision binary.

  Floating point numbers will be converted to decimal numbers with
  `:io_lib_format.fwrite_g/1`. Since this conversion is not exact and
  because of inherent inaccuracy mentioned above, we may run into counter-intuitive results:

      iex> Enum.reduce([0.1, 0.1, 0.1], &+/2)
      0.30000000000000004

      iex> Enum.reduce([Decimal.new("0.1"), Decimal.new("0.1"), Decimal.new("0.1")], &Decimal.add/2)
      #Decimal<0.3>

  For this reason, it's recommended to build decimals with `new/1`, which is always precise, instead.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.from_float(3.14)
      #Decimal<3.14>

  """
  doc_since("1.5.0")
  @spec from_float(float) :: t
  def from_float(float) when is_float(float) do
    float
    |> :io_lib_format.fwrite_g()
    |> fix_float_exp()
    |> IO.iodata_to_binary()
    |> new()
  end

  @doc """
  Creates a new decimal number from an integer, string, float, or existing decimal number.

  Because conversion from a floating point number is not exact, it's recommended
  to instead use `new/1` or `from_float/1` when the argument's type is certain.
  See `from_float/1`.

  If the value cannot be cast, Decimal.Error is raised.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.cast(3)
      #Decimal<3>

      iex> Decimal.cast(3.0)
      #Decimal<3.0>

      iex> Decimal.cast("3")
      #Decimal<3>

      iex> Decimal.cast("3.0")
      #Decimal<3.0>

      iex> Decimal.new(3) |> Decimal.cast()
      #Decimal<3>

  """
  @spec cast(float | decimal) :: t
  def cast(float) when is_float(float), do: from_float(float)
  def cast(value), do: new(value)

  @doc """
  Parses a binary into a decimal.

  If successful, returns a tuple in the form of `{:ok, decimal}`,
  otherwise `:error`.

  ## Examples

      iex> Decimal.parse("3.14")
      {:ok, %Decimal{coef: 314, exp: -2, sign: 1}}

      iex> Decimal.parse("-1.1e3")
      {:ok, %Decimal{coef: 11, exp: 2, sign: -1}}

      iex> Decimal.parse("bad")
      :error

  """
  @spec parse(String.t()) :: {:ok, t} | :error
  def parse(binary) when is_binary(binary) do
    case do_parse(binary) do
      {:ok, decimal} -> {:ok, decimal}
      {:error, _} -> :error
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Converts given number to its string representation.

  ## Options

    * `:scientific` - number converted to scientific notation.
    * `:normal` - number converted without a exponent.
    * `:xsd` - number converted to the [canonical XSD representation](https://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/#decimal).
    * `:raw` - number converted to its raw, internal format.

  """
  @spec to_string(t, :scientific | :normal | :xsd | :raw) :: String.t()
  def to_string(num, type \\ :scientific)

  def to_string(%Decimal{sign: sign, coef: :qNaN}, _type) do
    if sign == 1, do: "NaN", else: "-NaN"
  end

  def to_string(%Decimal{sign: sign, coef: :sNaN}, _type) do
    if sign == 1, do: "sNaN", else: "-sNaN"
  end

  def to_string(%Decimal{sign: sign, coef: :inf}, _type) do
    if sign == 1, do: "Infinity", else: "-Infinity"
  end

  def to_string(%Decimal{sign: sign, coef: coef, exp: exp}, :normal) do
    list = integer_to_charlist(coef)

    list =
      if exp >= 0 do
        list ++ :lists.duplicate(exp, ?0)
      else
        diff = length(list) + exp

        if diff > 0 do
          List.insert_at(list, diff, ?.)
        else
          '0.' ++ :lists.duplicate(-diff, ?0) ++ list
        end
      end

    list = if sign == -1, do: [?- | list], else: list
    IO.iodata_to_binary(list)
  end

  def to_string(%Decimal{sign: sign, coef: coef, exp: exp}, :scientific) do
    list = integer_to_charlist(coef)
    length = length(list)
    adjusted = exp + length - 1

    list =
      cond do
        exp == 0 ->
          list

        exp < 0 and adjusted >= -6 ->
          abs_exp = Kernel.abs(exp)
          diff = -length + abs_exp + 1

          if diff > 0 do
            list = :lists.duplicate(diff, ?0) ++ list
            List.insert_at(list, 1, ?.)
          else
            List.insert_at(list, exp - 1, ?.)
          end

        true ->
          list = if length > 1, do: List.insert_at(list, 1, ?.), else: list
          list = list ++ 'E'
          list = if exp >= 0, do: list ++ '+', else: list
          list ++ integer_to_charlist(adjusted)
      end

    list = if sign == -1, do: [?- | list], else: list
    IO.iodata_to_binary(list)
  end

  def to_string(%Decimal{sign: sign, coef: coef, exp: exp}, :raw) do
    str = Integer.to_string(coef)
    str = if sign == -1, do: [?- | str], else: str
    str = if exp != 0, do: [str, "E", Integer.to_string(exp)], else: str

    IO.iodata_to_binary(str)
  end

  def to_string(%Decimal{} = decimal, :xsd) do
    decimal |> canonical_xsd() |> to_string(:normal)
  end

  defp canonical_xsd(%Decimal{coef: 0} = decimal), do: %{decimal | exp: -1}

  defp canonical_xsd(%Decimal{coef: coef, exp: 0} = decimal),
    do: %{decimal | coef: coef * 10, exp: -1}

  defp canonical_xsd(%Decimal{coef: coef, exp: exp} = decimal)
       when exp > 0,
       do: canonical_xsd(%{decimal | coef: coef * 10, exp: exp - 1})

  defp canonical_xsd(%Decimal{coef: coef} = decimal)
       when Kernel.rem(coef, 10) != 0,
       do: decimal

  defp canonical_xsd(%Decimal{coef: coef, exp: exp} = decimal),
    do: canonical_xsd(%{decimal | coef: Kernel.div(coef, 10), exp: exp + 1})

  @doc """
  Returns the decimal represented as an integer.

  Fails when loss of precision will occur.
  """
  @spec to_integer(t) :: integer
  def to_integer(%Decimal{sign: sign, coef: coef, exp: 0})
      when is_integer(coef),
      do: sign * coef

  def to_integer(%Decimal{sign: sign, coef: coef, exp: exp})
      when is_integer(coef) and exp > 0,
      do: to_integer(%Decimal{sign: sign, coef: coef * 10, exp: exp - 1})

  def to_integer(%Decimal{sign: sign, coef: coef, exp: exp})
      when is_integer(coef) and exp < 0 and Kernel.rem(coef, 10) == 0,
      do: to_integer(%Decimal{sign: sign, coef: Kernel.div(coef, 10), exp: exp + 1})

  @doc """
  Returns the decimal converted to a float.

  The returned float may have lower precision than the decimal. Fails if
  the decimal cannot be converted to a float.
  """
  @spec to_float(t) :: float
  def to_float(%Decimal{sign: sign, coef: coef, exp: exp}) when is_integer(coef) do
    # Convert back to float without loss
    # http://www.exploringbinary.com/correct-decimal-to-floating-point-using-big-integers/
    {num, den} = ratio(coef, exp)

    boundary = den <<< 52

    cond do
      num == 0 ->
        0.0

      num >= boundary ->
        {den, exp} = scale_down(num, boundary, 52)
        decimal_to_float(sign, num, den, exp)

      true ->
        {num, exp} = scale_up(num, boundary, 52)
        decimal_to_float(sign, num, den, exp)
    end
  end

  defp scale_up(num, den, exp) when num >= den, do: {num, exp}
  defp scale_up(num, den, exp), do: scale_up(num <<< 1, den, exp - 1)

  defp scale_down(num, den, exp) do
    new_den = den <<< 1

    if num < new_den do
      {den >>> 52, exp}
    else
      scale_down(num, new_den, exp + 1)
    end
  end

  defp decimal_to_float(sign, num, den, exp) do
    quo = Kernel.div(num, den)
    rem = num - quo * den

    tmp =
      case den >>> 1 do
        den when rem > den -> quo + 1
        den when rem < den -> quo
        _ when (quo &&& 1) === 1 -> quo + 1
        _ -> quo
      end

    sign = if sign == -1, do: 1, else: 0
    tmp = tmp - @power_of_2_to_52
    exp = if tmp < @power_of_2_to_52, do: exp, else: exp + 1
    <<tmp::float>> = <<sign::size(1), exp + 1023::size(11), tmp::size(52)>>
    tmp
  end

  @doc """
  Runs function with given context.
  """
  @spec with_context(Context.t(), (() -> x)) :: x when x: var
  def with_context(%Context{} = context, fun) when is_function(fun, 0) do
    old = Process.put(@context_key, context)

    try do
      fun.()
    after
      set_context(old || %Context{})
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Gets the process' context.
  """
  @spec get_context() :: Context.t()
  def get_context do
    Process.get(@context_key, %Context{})
  end

  @doc """
  Set the process' context.
  """
  @spec set_context(Context.t()) :: :ok
  def set_context(%Context{} = context) do
    Process.put(@context_key, context)
    :ok
  end

  @doc """
  Update the process' context.
  """
  @spec update_context((Context.t() -> Context.t())) :: :ok
  def update_context(fun) when is_function(fun, 1) do
    get_context() |> fun.() |> set_context
  end

  ## ARITHMETIC ##

  defp add_align(coef1, exp1, coef2, exp2) when exp1 == exp2, do: {coef1, coef2}

  defp add_align(coef1, exp1, coef2, exp2) when exp1 > exp2,
    do: {coef1 * pow10(exp1 - exp2), coef2}

  defp add_align(coef1, exp1, coef2, exp2) when exp1 < exp2,
    do: {coef1, coef2 * pow10(exp2 - exp1)}

  defp add_sign(sign1, sign2, coef) do
    cond do
      coef > 0 -> 1
      coef < 0 -> -1
      sign1 == -1 and sign2 == -1 -> -1
      sign1 != sign2 and get_context().rounding == :floor -> -1
      true -> 1
    end
  end

  defp div_adjust(coef1, coef2, adjust) when coef1 < coef2,
    do: div_adjust(coef1 * 10, coef2, adjust + 1)

  defp div_adjust(coef1, coef2, adjust) when coef1 >= coef2 * 10,
    do: div_adjust(coef1, coef2 * 10, adjust - 1)

  defp div_adjust(coef1, coef2, adjust), do: {coef1, coef2, adjust}

  defp div_calc(coef1, coef2, coef, adjust, prec10) do
    cond do
      coef1 >= coef2 ->
        div_calc(coef1 - coef2, coef2, coef + 1, adjust, prec10)

      coef1 == 0 and adjust >= 0 ->
        {coef, adjust, coef1, []}

      coef >= prec10 ->
        signals = [:rounded]
        signals = if base10?(coef1), do: signals, else: [:inexact | signals]
        {coef, adjust, coef1, signals}

      true ->
        div_calc(coef1 * 10, coef2, coef * 10, adjust + 1, prec10)
    end
  end

  defp div_int_calc(coef1, coef2, coef, adjust, precision) do
    cond do
      coef1 >= coef2 ->
        div_int_calc(coef1 - coef2, coef2, coef + 1, adjust, precision)

      adjust != precision ->
        div_int_calc(coef1 * 10, coef2, coef * 10, adjust + 1, precision)

      true ->
        {coef, coef1}
    end
  end

  defp integer_division(div_sign, coef1, exp1, coef2, exp2) do
    precision = exp1 - exp2
    {coef1, coef2, adjust} = div_adjust(coef1, coef2, 0)

    {coef, _rem} = div_int_calc(coef1, coef2, 0, adjust, precision)

    prec10 = pow10(get_context().precision)

    if coef > prec10 do
      {
        :error,
        :invalid_operation,
        "integer division impossible, quotient too large",
        %Decimal{coef: :NaN}
      }
    else
      {:ok, %Decimal{sign: div_sign, coef: coef, exp: 0}}
    end
  end

  defp do_reduce(coef, exp) do
    if Kernel.rem(coef, 10) == 0 do
      do_reduce(Kernel.div(coef, 10), exp + 1)
    else
      %Decimal{coef: coef, exp: exp}
    end
  end

  defp ratio(coef, exp) when exp >= 0, do: {coef * pow10(exp), 1}
  defp ratio(coef, exp) when exp < 0, do: {coef, pow10(-exp)}

  pow10_max =
    Enum.reduce(0..104, 1, fn int, acc ->
      defp pow10(unquote(int)), do: unquote(acc)
      defp base10?(unquote(acc)), do: true
      acc * 10
    end)

  defp pow10(num) when num > 104, do: pow10(104) * pow10(num - 104)

  defp base10?(num) when num > unquote(pow10_max) do
    if Kernel.rem(num, unquote(pow10_max)) == 0 do
      base10?(Kernel.div(num, unquote(pow10_max)))
    else
      false
    end
  end

  defp base10?(_num), do: false

  ## ROUNDING ##

  defp do_round(sign, digits, exp, target_exp, rounding) do
    num_digits = length(digits)
    precision = num_digits - (target_exp - exp)

    cond do
      exp == target_exp ->
        %Decimal{sign: sign, coef: digits_to_integer(digits), exp: exp}

      exp < target_exp and precision < 0 ->
        zeros = :lists.duplicate(target_exp - exp, ?0)
        digits = zeros ++ digits
        {signif, remain} = :lists.split(1, digits)

        signif =
          if increment?(rounding, sign, signif, remain),
            do: digits_increment(signif),
            else: signif

        coef = digits_to_integer(signif)
        %Decimal{sign: sign, coef: coef, exp: target_exp}

      exp < target_exp and precision >= 0 ->
        {signif, remain} = :lists.split(precision, digits)

        signif =
          if increment?(rounding, sign, signif, remain),
            do: digits_increment(signif),
            else: signif

        coef = digits_to_integer(signif)
        %Decimal{sign: sign, coef: coef, exp: target_exp}

      exp > target_exp ->
        digits = digits ++ Enum.map(1..(exp - target_exp), fn _ -> ?0 end)
        coef = digits_to_integer(digits)
        %Decimal{sign: sign, coef: coef, exp: target_exp}
    end
  end

  defp digits_to_integer([]), do: 0
  defp digits_to_integer(digits), do: :erlang.list_to_integer(digits)

  defp precision(%Decimal{coef: :sNaN} = num, _precision, _rounding) do
    {num, []}
  end

  defp precision(%Decimal{coef: :qNaN} = num, _precision, _rounding) do
    {num, []}
  end

  defp precision(%Decimal{coef: :inf} = num, _precision, _rounding) do
    {num, []}
  end

  defp precision(%Decimal{sign: sign, coef: coef, exp: exp} = num, precision, rounding) do
    digits = :erlang.integer_to_list(coef)
    num_digits = length(digits)

    if num_digits > precision do
      do_precision(sign, digits, num_digits, exp, precision, rounding)
    else
      {num, []}
    end
  end

  defp do_precision(sign, digits, num_digits, exp, precision, rounding) do
    precision = Kernel.min(num_digits, precision)
    {signif, remain} = :lists.split(precision, digits)

    signif =
      if increment?(rounding, sign, signif, remain), do: digits_increment(signif), else: signif

    signals = if any_nonzero(remain), do: [:inexact, :rounded], else: [:rounded]

    exp = exp + length(remain)
    coef = digits_to_integer(signif)
    dec = %Decimal{sign: sign, coef: coef, exp: exp}
    {dec, signals}
  end

  defp increment?(_, _, _, []), do: false

  defp increment?(:down, _, _, _), do: false

  defp increment?(:up, _, _, _), do: true

  defp increment?(:ceiling, sign, _, remain), do: sign == 1 and any_nonzero(remain)

  defp increment?(:floor, sign, _, remain), do: sign == -1 and any_nonzero(remain)

  defp increment?(:half_up, _, _, [digit | _]), do: digit >= ?5

  defp increment?(:half_even, _, [], [?5 | rest]), do: any_nonzero(rest)

  defp increment?(:half_even, _, signif, [?5 | rest]),
    do: any_nonzero(rest) or Kernel.rem(:lists.last(signif), 2) == 1

  defp increment?(:half_even, _, _, [digit | _]), do: digit > ?5

  defp increment?(:half_down, _, _, [digit | rest]),
    do: digit > ?5 or (digit == ?5 and any_nonzero(rest))

  defp any_nonzero(digits), do: :lists.any(fn digit -> digit != ?0 end, digits)

  defp digits_increment(digits), do: digits_increment(:lists.reverse(digits), [])

  defp digits_increment([?9 | rest], acc), do: digits_increment(rest, [?0 | acc])

  defp digits_increment([head | rest], acc), do: :lists.reverse(rest, [head + 1 | acc])

  defp digits_increment([], acc), do: [?1 | acc]

  ## CONTEXT ##

  defp context(num, signals \\ []) do
    context = get_context()
    {result, prec_signals} = precision(num, context.precision, context.rounding)
    error(put_uniq(signals, prec_signals), nil, result, context)
  end

  defp put_uniq(list, elems) when is_list(elems) do
    Enum.reduce(elems, list, &put_uniq(&2, &1))
  end

  defp put_uniq(list, elem) do
    if elem in list, do: list, else: [elem | list]
  end

  ## PARSING ##

  defp do_parse("+" <> rest = raw) do
    rest |> String.downcase() |> parse_unsign(raw)
  end

  defp do_parse("-" <> rest = raw) do
    case rest |> String.downcase() |> parse_unsign(raw) do
      {:ok, num} -> {:ok, %{num | sign: -1}}
      {:error, error} -> {:error, error}
    end
  end

  defp do_parse(bin) do
    bin |> String.downcase() |> parse_unsign(bin)
  end

  defp parse_unsign("inf", _) do
    {:ok, %Decimal{coef: :inf}}
  end

  defp parse_unsign("infinity", _) do
    {:ok, %Decimal{coef: :inf}}
  end

  defp parse_unsign("snan", _) do
    {:ok, %Decimal{coef: :sNaN}}
  end

  defp parse_unsign("nan", _) do
    {:ok, %Decimal{coef: :qNaN}}
  end

  defp parse_unsign(bin, raw) do
    {int, rest} = parse_digits(bin)
    {float, rest} = parse_float(rest)
    {exp, rest} = parse_exp(rest)

    if rest != "" or (int == [] and float == []) do
      handle_error(
        :invalid_operation,
        "number parsing syntax: " <> raw,
        %Decimal{coef: :NaN},
        nil
      )
    else
      int = if int == [], do: '0', else: int
      exp = if exp == [], do: '0', else: exp

      number = %Decimal{
        coef: List.to_integer(int ++ float),
        exp: List.to_integer(exp) - length(float)
      }

      {:ok, number}
    end
  end

  defp parse_float("." <> rest), do: parse_digits(rest)
  defp parse_float(bin), do: {[], bin}

  defp parse_exp(<<?e, rest::binary>>) do
    case rest do
      <<sign, rest::binary>> when sign in [?+, ?-] ->
        {digits, rest} = parse_digits(rest)
        {[sign | digits], rest}

      _ ->
        parse_digits(rest)
    end
  end

  defp parse_exp(bin) do
    {[], bin}
  end

  defp parse_digits(bin), do: parse_digits(bin, [])

  defp parse_digits(<<digit, rest::binary>>, acc) when digit in ?0..?9 do
    parse_digits(rest, [digit | acc])
  end

  defp parse_digits(rest, acc) do
    {:lists.reverse(acc), rest}
  end

  # Util

  defp decimal(%Decimal{} = num), do: num
  defp decimal(num) when is_integer(num), do: new(num)
  defp decimal(num) when is_binary(num), do: new(num)

  defp decimal(other) when is_float(other) do
    raise ArgumentError,
          "implicit conversion of #{inspect(other)} to Decimal is not allowed. Use Decimal.from_float/1"
  end

  defp handle_error(signals, reason, result, context) do
    context = context || get_context()
    signals = List.wrap(signals)

    flags = Enum.reduce(signals, context.flags, &put_uniq(&2, &1))
    set_context(%{context | flags: flags})

    error_signal = Enum.find(signals, &(&1 in context.traps))
    nan = if error_signal, do: :sNaN, else: :qNaN

    result = if match?(%Decimal{coef: :NaN}, result), do: %{result | coef: nan}, else: result

    if error_signal do
      error = [signal: error_signal, reason: reason, result: result]
      {:error, error}
    else
      {:ok, result}
    end
  end

  defp fix_float_exp(digits) do
    fix_float_exp(digits, [])
  end

  defp fix_float_exp([?e | rest], [?0 | [?. | result]]) do
    fix_float_exp(rest, [?e | result])
  end

  defp fix_float_exp([digit | rest], result) do
    fix_float_exp(rest, [digit | result])
  end

  defp fix_float_exp([], result), do: :lists.reverse(result)

  if Version.compare(System.version(), "1.3.0") == :lt do
    defp integer_to_charlist(string), do: Integer.to_char_list(string)
  else
    defp integer_to_charlist(string), do: Integer.to_charlist(string)
  end
end

defimpl Inspect, for: Decimal do
  def inspect(dec, _opts) do
    "#Decimal<" <> Decimal.to_string(dec) <> ">"
  end
end

defimpl String.Chars, for: Decimal do
  def to_string(dec) do
    Decimal.to_string(dec)
  end
end